Antibiotic formulation and method of treatment

ABSTRACT

A formulation comprised of particles which may be in groups and are comprised of a biocompatible polymer and an antimicrobial drug for controlled release of the drug is disclosed. The particles may be in an aqueous solution comprising thrombin and be dispersed in a gel. The formulation is administered to an area such as an open wound having an orthopedic implant therein and provides a therapeutically effective level of drug to the patient over therapeutically effective period of time.

CROSS-REFERENCES

This application claims the benefit of priority of earlier filed U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/821,668 filed Aug. 7, 2006and of earlier filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/805,267 filed Jun. 20, 2006 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S.application Ser. No. 11/383,562 filed May 16, 2006 which is acontinuation-in-part of earlier filed U.S. application Ser. No.10/618,255 filed Jul. 10, 2003 (now abandoned) which is acontinuation-in-part of earlier filed U.S. application Ser. No.10/195,046 filed Jul. 12, 2002 (now abandoned) which claims priority toprovisional Application Ser. No. 60/326,675 filed Oct. 2, 2001 andprovisional Application Ser. No. 60/305,364 filed Jul. 13, 2001 all ofwhich applications are incorporated herein by reference and to whichapplication priority is claimed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a formulation of controlled release particleswhich may be dispersed in a gel and/or a therapeutic solution to providean antimicrobial effect to the surrounding area.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In order to improve the effectiveness and functionality of wounddressings and surgical implants, various attempts have been made toincorporate them with a variety of medicaments such as antibiotics,analgesics, and the like—see U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,366.

Examples of antibacterial wound dressings are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4,191,743 to Klemm et al., U.S. Pat. No. 2,804,424 to Stirn et al., andU.S. Pat. No. 2,809,149 to Cusumano. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 3,987,797to Stephenson discloses a suture rendered antimicrobial.

Dressings which attempt to promote wound healing are disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,124,155 to Reich. Many prior art surgical bandages anddressings which incorporate medications are made by soaking the materialin an aqueous solution of the medicine. This can render the carrierbrittle and inflexible upon drying. Moreover, it is difficult to controlthe rate of release of the medicament, or its effect on peripheraltissues, when it is applied to the carrier dissolved in a liquid state.Also, many important medicines are water insoluble and cannot be appliedby this technique. Alternatively, the medicament is applied to thedressing or implant as a powder or dust which is quickly released andpossesses a danger that large drug particles may irritate tissue orenter the circulatory system where they can block capillaries.

In addition to externally applied dressings, it is also known toimpregnate an implantable surgical material with a medicament. Forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 5,197,977 to Hoffman Jr. et al. disclose asynthetic vascular graft that is impregnated with collagen and amedicament.

Additionally, Boyes-Varley et al. in Int. J. and Maxillafac. Surg. 1988;17:138-141, describe the use in an animal study of a the Gelfoam® brandsponge with a saline solution of medicaments. However, the Physicians'Desk Reference, (Medical Economics, Co., Oradell, N.J.) 1992 editionwarns that “it is not recommended that Gelfoam® be saturated with anantibiotic solution or dusted with antibiotic powder.” A similar warningis provided with the entry of another popular surgical implant—theSurgicel® brand absorbable hemostat—which states that “the Surgicel®hemostat should not be impregnated with anti-infective agents.”

One well known method of suppressing infection is to provide relativelyhigh levels of an antibiotic systemically. For example, high levels ofgentamicin are systemically administered to patients in order to preventinfection in high risk situations, such as patients subjected to severetrauma whose wounds may well have been compromised with infectiousbacteria. High systemic levels can have adverse effects including lossof hearing. Another method employed is to dissolve an antibiotic such asgentamicin in a solution such as water and spray the wound thoroughlywith the solution. In some situations the solution is so dilute as to beineffective in preventing infection. Accordingly, another alternatemethod which is employed is to simply put high concentrations ofgentamicin powder into the wound. High concentrations applied locallyare known to hinder bone healing. Further, although high concentrationscan be applied the powder may not last sufficiently long in order toprevent infections after a considerable amount of time has passed.Accordingly, there remains a need for a formulation which can avoid theproblem of high level systemic administration and provide for localadministration at sufficient levels over a sufficiently long period oftime so as to suppress infection.

In view of such the present invention is proposed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Formulations are disclosed which are comprised of antimicrobialparticles, a thrombin solution, and a biocompatible gel having theparticles dispersed therein. The antimicrobial particles may be providedin a plurality of groups (2, 3 or more) of different size spheres. Thespheres may be comprised of one or more antimicrobial agents and acontrolled release polymer such as poly lactic glycolic acid (PLGA) orother suitable, biocompatible material.

The formulation may be comprised of the groups of different sizesparticles by themselves, in an aqueous solution which may includethrombin or dispersed in a gel which may include thrombin. Each group ofspherical particles may consist of multiple particles which are allsubstantially the same size which together with other groups aredesigned to provide a combination of different drug release rates whenthe formulation is deployed or implanted and provide a relativelyconstant level of drug to the surrounding area. The formulation providesa concentration of about 30 micrograms/ml ±25 micrograms per ml over aperiod of time of about 1 to 7 days, or 2 to 5 days or about 72 hours±12 hours. The different groups of particles are formulated together andmay be dispersed in a gel such as Floseal™ or other biocompatible gelmaterial to obtain a desired drug release profile.

In one embodiment the groups of particles of the antimicrobial are putinto an aqueous solution of thrombin (e.g. 5 cc providing 20,000 unitsthrombin/cc ±20%) and this aqueous solution is then combined with abiocompatible gel such as Floseal™. As the release rate of one group ofparticles is decreasing (or the drug released from the group is beingmetabolized out of the system) the release rate of another group ofparticles is increasing (or drug from one group is being added to thesystem) so that the combined groups of particles making up theformulation provide a substantially constant level of drug (30 mcg/ml±25 mcg/ml) over a therapeutically effective period of time (1-7 days).The concentrations of antimicrobial drug and BMP obtained at a wound andthe release rate of these drugs may be varied with differentantimicrobial drugs and patient conditions to obtain a desired endresult.

Formulations of particles may be divided into separate disposablepackets which may be a single use syringe wherein each syringe offormulation includes a plurality of groups of spheres wherein thespheres of each group of spheres are all of substantially the same size.Thus, the packet may include 2, 3, 4 or more groups of spheres with atypical formulation being comprised of three groups of spheres in asmall, medium, and large size. The packet of formulations isspecifically designed so as to obtain a desired therapeutic effect. Thedesired therapeutic effect of the antimicrobial particles is to providea therapeutic level of antibiotic such as gentamicin in a wound siteover a period of time which is therapeutically effective in preventinginfection. If the level of the antimicrobial drug drops too low then theantimicrobial effect is lost. However, if the level is raised too highthe drug becomes toxic to surrounding tissue such as hindering bonegrowth. Still further, if the therapeutic level of the drug is notmaintained for a sufficiently long period of time infection can occur.If the therapeutic level of the antimicrobial level is maintained fortoo long of a period of time there may also be undesirable results suchas the development of microbes which are resistant to the drug beingused. Thus, it is important to adjust the formulation so that theconcentration of the drug delivered to the target area is not too low ortoo high and so that the drug is delivered for a sufficiently longperiod of time but not a period which is too long.

In one embodiment of the invention the formulation comprised ofantimicrobial spheres is first added to an aqueous solution which may bea saline solution comprising thrombin. The spheres are mixed in theaqueous solution and then combined with an aqueous biocompatible gelsuch as Floseal™. The combination may be made within a syringe where thegel and solution can be intermixed in a manner so as to allow theparticles to be dispersed throughout the combination of the aqueoussolution and gel. In this form the formulation is injected into thewound site.

The antimicrobial drug or drugs will have therapeutic levels locally butsubstantially undetectable levels systemically. The amount of theantibiotic only a few centimeters from the site where the gel is present(e.g. 5 cm or more) is substantially undetectable. In the target areathe level is 30 mcg/ml ±25 mcg/ml. Although the formulation isadministered and provides a therapeutic level within the target area thecontrolled release formulation of the particles is designed such thatthe level does not reach a toxic level or provide excess which would bewasted. Thus, although antimicrobial drug could be administered withsome drug not being present within controlled release spheres to obtainimmediate release the amount of antibiotic for immediate release istherapeutic and not toxic with respect to substantially inhibiting bonegrowth. A powdered form of the antibiotic may be mixed with the aqueoussolution which is further comprised of thrombin. The aqueous solutioncomprising the antibiotic and thrombin can then be mixed with the geland injected into a wound site in manner such that the formulation hasthe particles distributed throughout the formulation injected into thewound site.

The formulation is also designed such that antibiotics are administeredover a therapeutically effective period but the antibiotic is notreleased continually over many weeks (or much beyond 7 days) in order toavoid building up antibiotic resistance. Thus, the controlled releaseformulation of the invention is different from quick release formulationwhich provides toxic levels initially but substantially no levels aftera short period of time and also different from formulations where anantibiotic is embedded within a bone cement and seeps out over a verylong period of time allowing for the development of antibioticresistance. Thus, the antibiotic level produced with a formulation ofthe invention is within a therapeutic range sufficient to inhibitinfection (above 5 mcg/ml) but insufficiently high to be toxic to thebone (below 55 mcg/ml) and provides that level for a duration longenough (1-7 days) to prevent infection based on bacteria which may haveentered the wound initially but does not maintain the level over asufficiently long period of time so as to result in the development ofantibiotic resistance.

Although the formulation can be produced using a wide range of differentantibiotic antiviral and antimicrobial compounds it can be readilyprepared using very inexpensive widely known FDA approved antibioticssuch as gentamicin. Although the spheres within the formulation can beproduced using a wide range of different polymers the formulation istypically produced using a biocompatible widely used and acceptedpolymer such a polylacticglycolic acid (PLGA).

The methodology described here substantially reduces the trial and errorof producing a controlled release formulation. This is done by usingparticles of a known size (volume and surface areas ±10%) shape(spherical) and dissolution rate within an environment to which theparticles are delivered. Because all the particles of any given grouphave substantially the same surface area from one particle to anotherthe dissolution rate of a given particle and the group of particles canbe calculated mathematically based on a known dissolution rate of aparticle of known surface area. Particles in the formulation preferablyhave a spherical shape and a diameter in a range of from about 2 micronsto about 40 microns about 10 microns ±1 micron. The particle types mayinclude particles comprised of drug alone, drug and polymer mixed and/ordrug coated with polymer.

A typical formulation can be comprised of two groups of particleswherein the first group is comprised of particles having a diameter ofabout 6 microns and the second group comprised of particles having adiameter of about 20 microns. These particles have sphericalconformations and each particle within each group has approximately thesame size and shape with a differential ±10%. Although the particles maybe configured in different ways such as having antibiotic drug on theinside and coated polymer on the outside, a typical formulation alsoincludes spheres where the drug and polymer are intermixed. Such spheresare easily produced by mixing the antibiotic in the polymer andthereafter forming the spheres. Spheres can be produced using atechnology such as that described within U.S. Pat. No. 6,241,159 issuedJun. 5, 2005 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,469 issued Jan. 16, 2001 as well asrelated issued U.S. and non-U.S. patents to Alfonso Ganan-Calvo all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to discloseand describe methods of making uniform sized small particles.

An aspect of this invention is to show that in addition to relying onthe chemical properties of injected microparticles for their controlledrelease characteristics, the physical size of these particles can beused to provide another layer of control over the release profilebecause that the physical size of particles in different groups ofparticles can be controlled precisely as can the total surface area ofall the particles in the group combined. When the particles are verysmall in size (e.g. 1-40 micrometers) the surface area differential fromone group to the next can be made quite large by small changes indiameter.

Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) polymers (PLGA) can be used as an excipientin the creation of precisely sized microparticles for attachment to adevice such as a surgical screw to produce a sustained release profileby using short chain PLGA polymer allowing the PLGA to be manipulatedduring the formulation process without the use of organic solvents.

Other, polymer excipients can be used if they are pharmaceuticallyacceptable and biocompatible with the surrounding tissue e.g. bone.Another useful polymer is PDLLA which is poly-dl-lactic acid which has ahigher glass transition point (about 45°-55° C.) than PLGA having aglass transition point of about 30°-40° C.

Unlike an approach which might rely solely on the chemical compositionof microparticles as a means for creating controlled releaseformulations, the present invention relies additionally on precisesizing of the microparticles and the use of at least two different sizesof microparticles in the formulation. By exploiting the precisedifferences in surface area to volume ratio in the different populationsof microparticles in the formulation, there is intrinsically lessreliance on the chemistry of the particles to produce a sustained levelsof the drug in the surrounding area. By relaxing the requirement thatthe chemistry will have the predominant effect on the controlled releasebehavior a simpler chemistry can be employed which is easier and lesscostly to manufacture, and which avoids the use of organic solventsduring its production period. For example, short chain PLGA polymer canbe employed which can be processed without the use of organic solvents.

Poly (lactide-co-glycolides) (PLGA) compositions are commerciallyavailable from Boehringer Ingelheim (Germany) under the Resomer marke.g. PLGA 50:50 (Resomer RG-502), PLGA 75:25 (Resomer RG-752) and d,l-PLA (Resomer RG-206) and from Birmingham Polymers (Birmingham, Ala.).These copolymers are available in a wide range of molecular weights andratios of lactic acid to glycolic acid.

An aspect of the invention is a biocompatible gel incorporatingspherical particles which provide a desired drug release profile bycombining a plurality of different groups of particles wherein eachgroup consists of particles all of which have a known size, number andshape so that the combined groups provide a rate of dissolution in aknown environment where the gel is implanted.

Another aspect of the invention is that it be comprised of a plurality(2 or more) of different groups of particles wherein the particleswithin each group are substantially the same in size and shape (±10%)and are different from one group to another group as regards the drugrelease profile of the particles in a particular group. The particlespreferably have a size in a range of from about 1 to about 100micrometers in diameter and more preferably about 2 to 70 or 2 to 40 or4 to 30 micrometers in diameter.

In additional to producing formulations comprised of different groups ofparticles the formulation of particles is being sealed in steriledisposable containers with or without gel and/or thrombin both of whichare generally added at the point of administration. The formulation ofparticles may be themselves considered devices because they arecomprised of polymer and drug or they may be coated onto or administeredalong with devices. This includes coating the formulations ontoorthopedic surgical devices including screws (solid and cannulated),wires, plates, artificial joint components and other hardware for fixingfractures and stabilizing otherwise weakened parts of the skeletalsystems all anchor into bone. Bone is a living tissue which issusceptible to infection. The incidence of bone infection(osteomyelitis) following orthopedic surgery and hardware placement canbe as high as 2%-16% in the context of trauma where broken bones arereduced through open incisions and subsequently internally fixated withmetal hardware. The invention aids in reducing nephrotoxicity andototoxicity which are caused by aminoglycosides.

In order to reduce the likelihood of infection, surgeons generallyadminister systemic antibiotics (typically given intravenously prior tosurgery) and antibiotic-containing irrigation solutions used to cleanthe wound. These approaches have the common disadvantage that theantibiotic concentration is not being maximized where it is most neededi.e. at the interface between the hardware and the bone. This locationis important because the presence of a foreign body increases the likelyhood of local infection because bacteria can become trapped between thehardware device and the bone itself.

A process useful in producing small encapsulated particles of uniformsize and shape can be used to encapsulate commonly used antimicrobialsincluding antibiotics such as those from the amino glycoside group (e.g.kanamycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, vancomycin) those from thecephalosporin group (e.g. ancef, cefotitan) those from other groupsand/or comprised of combinations of drugs (e.g. Unasyn) with abiodegradable polymer such as poly lactic glycolic acid (PLGA). Theseprecisely sized antibiotic-containing spheres can be produced inspecific, different sizes so as to (a) produce a time-release profile ofantibiotic into bone adjacent to hardware over a period of hours, days,weeks or months and/or (b) to specifically target naturally occurring orfabricated imperfections in the coated hardware to ensure that theantibiotic-containing spheres are deposited in these crevices in amanner causing them to remain in place after the coating process andduring and after implantation of the hardware into a patient.

An aspect of the invention is a packet of formulation comprised of afirst group and a second group of particles. The particles arepreferably spherical and are comprised of a biocompatible polymer and apharmaceutically active drug which may be an antimicrobial such as anantibiotic. The particles are generally present in an amount of about100 or more particles wherein all of the particles within the group havesubstantially the same size with a margin of error ±10%. There may be aplurality of groups of particles wherein the particles within the onegroup are the same with respect to each other but are different withrespect to particles within another group. Further, the particle withinone group have a rate of dissolution which is different from theparticles within other groups thereby making it possible to provide acontrolled release of the drug into the surrounding environment.

Another aspect of the invention is a formulation comprised of aplurality of antimicrobial particles which particles are comprised of anantimicrobial drug and a biocompatible polymer. The particles aredispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier which may be abiocompatible gel or absorbable collagen sponge. The particles may haveuniform size and shape or may be designed so as to have irregular sizesand shapes. The formulation is designed such that when it is placed inthe wound the formulation provides a therapeutically effective dose ofthe antimicrobial drug over a period of time of greater than 1 day andless than 7 days. The dose is above 5 micrograms per milliliter andbelow 100 micrograms per milliliter and is preferably 35 micrograms permilliliter ±25 micrograms per milliliter. Further, the dose is local andextends outward from the target site of implantation to a distance ofnot more than 5 cm. The antimicrobial drug is substantially undetectablesystemically.

Yet another aspect of the invention is a wound having a formulation asdescribed above inserted therein. The wound is provided with atherapeutically effective dose of the antimicrobial drug over atherapeutically effective period of time. The wound may be any type ofwound including a wound caused by trauma, a surgical wound site, or acombination of the two which may have an orthopedic device insertedtherein.

Still another aspect of the invention is a method of treatment whereby asurgical wound is created either from an initial point of entry or incombination with a trauma wound. Surgical procedures are performed forthe implantation of an orthopedic device. The wound is washed withsolution in an attempt to clean the wound. The solution used for washingmay include saline solution and the saline solution may be comprised ofan antimicrobial compound. Prior to closing the wound a formulation ofthe invention as described above is administered.

Another aspect of the invention is a formulation comprised of abiocompatible polymer and a plurality of groups of particles. Theparticles are comprised of a biocompatible polymer and a drug such as anantibiotic e.g. an aminoglycoside.

Another aspect of the invention is the formulation comprised of thegroups of particles present in an aqueous solution which may be anaqueous sealing solution which solution may be further comprised ofthrombin.

In another aspect of the invention is the aqueous solution as describedabove with the particles therein combined and mixed thoroughly with abiocompatible gel.

Still yet another aspect of the invention is groups of particles ofbiocompatible polymer within antibiotic therein dispersed in abiocompatible gel such as Floseal™ which gel may be further comprised ofthrombin.

In another aspect of the invention is a method comprising includinggroups of spherical particles comprised of biocompatible polymer andantibiotic into an aqueous solution having antibiotic in the solutionand injecting the solution into a wound site.

Another aspect of the invention is a method comprising providingparticles which may be in first and second groups of particles asdefined here into an aqueous solution having therein antibiotic andthrombin and mixing this solution with biocompatible gel such asFloseal™ and injecting the mixture into a wound site.

Another aspect of an embodiment of this invention is to provide anorthopedic implant hardware coated with micro-encapsulated antimicrobialfor infection-prevention.

Another aspect of an embodiment of this invention is to provide aplurality of polymer-coated particle sizes in order to (a) maximize theadherence of these particles to surface indentions created in thehardware and (b) to produce a desired time-release profile of into bone.

Another aspect of an embodiment of this invention is to provideorthopedic hardware with antimicrobial maximized for its delivery of theantibiotic to the clinically relevant zone without exposing the patientto chronic, systemic doses of antimicrobial

Another aspect of an embodiment of this invention is to provideorthopedic implant components coated in this fashion individuallypackaged with an appropriate secondary over-wrap (e.g. a hard plasticcylinder with a twist-off top) in order to preserve the encapsulatedantimicrobial shelf-life

Another aspect of an embodiment of this invention is to provide coatedorthopedic implant components packaged with temperature QC tags toensure that the suggested ambient temperature is not violated.

These and other aspects of various embodiments of the invention willbecome apparent to those persons skilled in the art upon reading thedetails of the devices and methods as more fully described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is best understood from the following detailed descriptionwhen read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It isemphasized that, according to common practice, the various features areschematic and of the drawings are not to-scale. On the contrary, thedimensions of the various features are schematic and arbitrarilyexpanded or reduced for clarity. Included in the drawings are thefollowing figures:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a spray drying device which producesparticles of random sizes and shapes.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an embodiment of an extrusion device usedto create spherical particles of substantial uniform size and sphericalshape.

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an embodiment of an extrusion device usedto create spherical coated particles of substantial uniform size andspherical shape.

FIG. 4 is a schematic graph of time versus (amount of a compounddissolved minus the amount eliminated) for a single particle or group tosubstantially identical particles.

FIG. 5 is a schematic graph of time versus (amount of a compounddissolved minus the amount eliminated) for two different particles ortwo different groups of particles (solid and dashed lines) where theparticles within a given group are substantially identical and alsoshowing the combined effect of the two groups (dotted lines).

FIG. 6 is a schematic graph of time versus (amount of a compounddissolved minus the amount eliminated) for three different particles orthree different groups of particles where the particles within a givengroup are substantially identical and also showing the combined effectof the three groups.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing areas where a given concentrationof antibiotic might be obtained over time with different deliverymechanisms including formulations of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing a proposed drug release rate ofthe invention as compared with immediate release gentamicin powder.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Before the present formulations, devices and methods are described, itis to be understood that this invention is not limited to particularembodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to beunderstood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescribing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to belimiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited onlyby the appended claims.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that eachintervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lowerlimits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller rangebetween any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and anyother stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassedwithin the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller rangesmay independently be included or excluded in the range, and each rangewhere either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller rangesis also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specificallyexcluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes oneor both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those includedlimits are also included in the invention.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methodsand materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein areincorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methodsand/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, thesingular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “acontrolled release sphere” includes a plurality of such spheres andreference to “the screw” includes reference to one or more screws andequivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

The publications discussed herein are provided solely for theirdisclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothingherein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention isnot entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention.Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from theactual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed.

Definitions

“Osteomyelitis” is an inflammation or an infection in the bone marrowand/or surrounding bone. The disease may be classified as either acuteor chronic, depending on the length of time the infection or symptomspersist. Symptoms may include pain, warmth and/or swelling in the bone.Chronic osteomyelitis may last for years, with slow death of bone tissuefrom a reduced blood supply. Signs and symptoms may be absent, however,causing difficulty in diagnosing the chronic infection. The inventionincludes treating osteomyelitis in connection with surgical implants andin particular surgical screws.

Pathogens infect bone in posttraumatic osteomyelitis after a recentfracture. Bacteria, fungus and other microorganisms are typically thecausative agents. The more susceptible a bone is to fracturing, thegreater the chances of becoming infected and developing disease. Traumafrom recent injuries and diabetes are major risk factors forosteomyelitis. The bone can be directly infected from the wound orindirectly via the blood from another site of infection, calledhematogenous osteomyelitis. The vertebrae and pelvis are often affectedin adults in this blood-borne variety, while children are usuallyaffected in long bones.

The incidence of osteomyelitis after open fractures is reported to be 2%to 16%, depending significantly on the grade of trauma and the type oftreatment administered. Prompt and thorough treatment help reduce therisk of infection, decreasing the probability of developingosteomyelitis. This is particularly important for patients with thefollowing risk factors: diabetes, altered immune states and recenttrauma. The tibia is the most frequent site of posttraumaticosteomyelitis, since it is the most vulnerable bone with the leastvigorous blood supply in the body.

The classification of osteomyelitis can be broken down into thefollowing categories: exogenous osteomyelitis (47%), secondary tovascular insufficiency (34%) and hematogenous osteomyelitis (19%). Theimplantation of an orthopedic device (pins, plate, screws, artificialjoint) can also seed infection as a nidus for pathogens, and thereforecreate post-operative osteomyelitis.

Risk factors include the growing skeleton. Any bone can be affected butit is usually the weight-bearing bones before the physis has closed. Atthe physis on the metaphyseal side, end arteries form a capillar loopwhich may rupture following minor trauma. This region of blood stasismay attract circulating bacteria everybody has bacteria circulating,periodically. Once brought to the area through the vascular system,bacteria can set up shop in surrounding tissues.

The presence of bacteria alone in an open fracture is not sufficient tocause osteomyelitis. In many cases, the body's immune system is capableof preventing the colonization of pathogens. The micro-environmentdetermines whether infection occurs. The timing and extent of treatmentare critical in determining whether infection develops. The likelihoodof developing osteomyelitis increases with impaired immune function,extensive tissue damage, or reduced blood supply to the affected area.Patients with diabetes, poor circulation or low white blood cell countare at greater risk.

Bacterial or fungal infection cause most osteomyelitis. Infectioninduces a large polymorphonuclear response from bone marrow,particularly staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus and haemophilusinfluenza. Staphylococcus infection predominates today and before theera of antibiotics.

The diagnosis of osteomyelitis may be made from clinical, laboratory andimaging studies. When the skeletal system is involved, pain, fever andleukocytosis (an increase in white blood cell count due to infection orinflammation) occur. The affected area is painful. Initial x-rays aretypically normal. As early as 4 days, an area of lucency may be seen onx-ray.

Usually, the changes are not recognized until 10 days or two weeks havepassed. Subperiosteal new bone formation in the affected area ispresent, representing periosteal elevation from encroaching pus. If notsuccessfully treated, pus enlarges the bone appearing as increasedlucency, which surrounds sclerotic, dead bone. This inner dead bone iscalled the sequestrum (sequestered from blood supply), and the outerperiosteal reaction laminates to form the involucrum.

Draining sinuses develop when the pressure of pus exceeds thecontainment of the soft tissue. This further deprives the bone of itsblood supply. This in turn harbors more bacteria, and the process cannotbe reversed until extensive debridement of the area occurs until theenvironment changes to one that promotes healing.

Osteomyelitis is an infection involving the bone. It often afflicts thegrowing individual. The bones usually affected are the weight-bearingbones before the physis has closed. Exogenous osteomyelitis occurs fromtrauma, sometimes as trivial as falling on a stick. Hematogenousosteomyelitis occurs from bacteria circulating in the bloodstream. Acuteand chronic subtypes are classified according to the timing and durationof the infection.

Publications providing further details regarding osteomyelitis includethe following:

Dirschl D R, Almekinders L C. Osteomyelitis. Drugs. 1993; 45: 29-43.

Ehara S. Complications of skeletal trauma. Radiol Clin North Am. 1997;35: 767-781.

Sammak B, Abd El Bagi M, Al Shahed M, et al. Osteomyelitis: a review ofcurrently used imaging techniques. Eur Radiol. 1999; 9: 894-900.

Waldvogel F, Medoff G, Swartz M. Osteomyelitis: a review of clinicalfeatures, therapeutic considerations and unusual aspects (I). N Engl JMed. 1970; 282: 198-206.

Widmer A F. New developments in diagnosis and treatment of infection inorthopedic implants. Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 33: S94-S106.

The terms “treatment”, “treating” and the like are used herein togenerally mean obtaining a desired pharmacological or physiologicaleffect. The effect may be prophylactic in terms of completely orpartially preventing a disease such as an infection or symptom thereofand may be therapeutic in terms of partially or completely curing adisease and/or adverse effect attributed to the disease or infection.“Treatment” as used herein covers any treatment of any disease andspecifically preventing growth of harmful infectious bacterial, fungal,parasitic, and viral infections, in a mammal, particularly a human, andincludes:

(a) preventing the infection from occurring or developing in the subjectwhich may be predisposed to the infection but has not yet been diagnosedas having it;

(b) inhibiting the infection, i.e. arresting its development; or

(c) relieving the infection, i.e. causing regression of the infection.Treatment may be specifically directed towards treating patients withwounds caused by trauma and/or surgery and in particular bone damage andincludes treatment that involves the use of surgical gels, glues andimplants in order to prevent infection or more particularly preventingosteomyelitis. In connection with the invention treating can compriseusing formulations of the invention during surgical procedures such asthe injection and use of surgical gels (e.g. Florseal™) and theimplantation of orthopedic components with antimicrobial controlledrelease compositions bound to the surface of the implant so as to treat(prevent) osteomyelitis.

Formulations

In one form a formulation of the invention might be comprised of twogroups of particles. The particles within each group may have the samesize and shape e.g. spherical and vary in size ±10%. However, theparticles in the first group will be different from the particles in thesecond group in a manner which results in the first group dissolving ata rate which is faster than the particles in the second group. Theparticles are comprised of a biocompatible polymer and a drug which drugmay be an antimicrobial such as an antibiotic which may be gentamicin.Other groups of particles and particles of different sizes may be addedto such a formulation in order to provide variations on the releaseprofile in order to get a release rate similar to that shown in FIG. 8.The object is to obtain release at a low level (25 mcg/ml ±25 mcg/ml) atthe target area over a sufficiently long period of time (1-7 days) so asto prevent infection and to avoid reaching toxic levels shown in FIG. 8.Another aspect of the invention is to maintain the control of therelease rate in a manner such as shown in FIG. 7 so that the releasedoes not continue over a very long period of time (less than about 7days and generally around 72 hours ±12 hours) so as to result in thedevelopment of antibiotic resistance.

In addition to the basic formulation may include any mixtures ofparticles in a solution, in a biocompatible gel or combination of thesolution and gel with thrombin therein. More specifically, theformulation may be comprised of the particles included within a separatesealed packet. That packet may be opened just prior to use and added toan aqueous solution. That aqueous solution may be a saline solution andmay be further comprised of a therapeutically effective amount ofthrombin. The particles in the solution which may contain thrombin maybe administered directly to a patient. In another formulation of theinvention particles or the groups of particles contained within thesealed packet are opened just prior to administration and added to abiocompatible gel which may have thrombin therein. The particleformulations are mixed into the gel so that the particles are evenlydistributed throughout the gel. Thereafter, the formulation comprised ofthe gel having particles dispersed therein is administered to a patientsuch as by injecting the formulation from a syringe.

In yet another embodiment the particles or groups of particles containedwithin the packet or packets are removed from the packet just prior touse and added to the aqueous solution as described above. Further, justprior to administration that aqueous solution is intermixed with abiocompatible gel such as Floseal™. The particles, solution (which maycontain thrombin) is thoroughly mixed with a compatible gel such asFloseal™. A combination of particles, thrombin solution and Floseal™ maybe thoroughly mixed within a syringe or other appropriate container.After dispersing the solution and particles throughout the gel theformulation is administered to a patient such as by injection into awound site.

Those skilled in the art will understand that the drug release profilecan be affected by the size and number of the particles as describedbelow and further affected by the amount of solution and gel. Thoseskilled in the art having this disclosure before them will understandthat it is preferable to create formulations which have desired drugrelease profiles shown within FIGS. 7 and 8 and provide an efficaciousbut non-toxic dose over a sufficiently long period to prevent infectionand avoid creating antibiotic resistant bacteria. More specifically, thedrug which may be an antibiotic such as gentamicin is preferably notadministered systemically but rather locally. Further, it isadministered in an amount so as to obtain a therapeutic level but not atoxic level 30 mcg/ml ±25 mcg/ml. Still further, the therapeutic levelis preferably maintained over a sufficiently long period of time so asto prevent infection (over 24 hours) but not long enough so as todevelop antibiotic resistance (less than 7 days). Still further, lowlevels of drug release over long periods of time as shown in FIG. 8 arepreferred.

Those skilled in the art will understand that any of the embodiments ofthe invention described above can be further supplemented by adding somequick release drug which may be a powdered form of a drug such as apowdered form of an antibiotic such as gentamicin. Thus, the powdereddrug can be combined with the particles or groups of particles in thethrombin containing solution, or combined with the particles, thrombinsolution and gel. Those skilled in the art will understand that thevarious components of the formulation can be intermixed in a manner soas to evenly disperse the components throughout the formulation or thedifferent components can be added separately to a wound site. With therevarious formulations in mind those skilled in the art should considerthe mathematics of the controlled release particles as described furtherbelow.

Mathematics of Controlled Release Particles

The formulation packets are comprised of particles or groups ofparticles based on mathematics. For any given particle having a givenamount of surface area the rate of dissolution will decrease as theparticle dissolves and the total available surface area decreases. Thus,a spherical particle with two square units of available surface areawhich dissolves at a rate of X per unit of time will be dissolving at arate of X/2 per unit of time once the particle has dissolved so that ithas one square unit of available surface area. This assumes a constantenvironment unaffected by the dissolution.

By combining two different particles each comprised of the same materialbut of a different size the combined rate of the two particles togetheris different from either particle by itself. The combined rate of asmall and a large particle is slower than two large particles and fasterthan two small particles. Formulations of the invention are comprised oftwo or more groups of particles having a diameter of 2 to 40 microns andwith 100 or more particles per group. The different groups of particlesmay include the same or different numbers of particles.

A particle with a large available surface area has a more rapiddissolution rate that a particle with a small available surface area.However, assuming the same total volume in two groups of particles thegroup of smaller particles has a faster dissolution rate than the groupof larger particles because the group of smaller particles will have alarger available surface area than the group of larger particles.

It is often desirable to deliver a predetermined amount of compound(such as a drug) to a system (such as a human) at a rate which maintainsthe compound in the system at a desired level over a desired period oftime. When the total amount (weight and volume) is fixed the rate ofdissolution is dictated by the available surface area. One sphericalparticle with a given total volume will present approximately half thesurface area as ten particles with the same combined volume as the oneparticle.

Each time the number of particles is increased by a multiple of ten (andthe combined volume remains constant) the total available surface areaapproximately doubles (see Table 1). The following provides specificexamples of how the total available surface area increases as the sametotal volume (e.g. a drug) is included in larger numbers of spheres.

Formulations and/or devices coated with a formulation of the inventionmay include some antimicrobial by itself (no polymer sphere) such as anantibiotic for immediate release to provide a fast antimicrobial effectin the surrounding area. Further, greater numbers of groups of differentparticles can increase the duration time the drug is released anddecrease changes in the concentration of the drug in the surroundingareas over time. Further, the multiple groups can be effective inkeeping the concentration in the desired range—high enough to betherapeutic but low enough so as to not be toxic. Thus, 2 or more, 3 ormore, 4 or more or 5 or more groups can be used to maintain the desiredtherapeutic level over time—see FIGS. 4, 5 and 6.

Specifics of Particle Sizes

Assuming a packet of formulation will contain a total volume of 2 cubiccentimeters the size a single sphere which will hold a 2 cc volume canbe readily calculated using the formula for the volume of a sphere asfollows:Volume of a sphere=(4/3)πr ³ if the volume of a sphere is 2 cc then2 cc=(4/3)πr ³2=(4/3)3.14159r ³2=4.1887867r ³0.477645=r³0.781592 cm=rr=7,815 micrometersdiameter=d=2r=15,630 micrometers

The formula for the surface area of a sphere is 4πr². Because “r” wasfound to be 0.781592 cm the surface area=4(3.14159)(0.781592)=9.8217cm².

The formula for the volume of a sphere can be readily modified todetermine the volume of any number of spheres “n” needed to make a totalvolume of 2 cubic centimeters.2 cc=n(4/3)πr ³

This formula was solved above for “n” equals “1” and can be solved forany “n.” For example, when “n” is 10 the formula becomes2 cc=10(4/3)πr ³2 cc=10(4/3)3.14159r ³2 cc=41.887867r ³0.0477645=r³0.362783 cm=rr=3627 micrometersd=7254 micrometers

The volume of each sphere is 0.2 cm³ and the surface area of each sphereis 1.65388 cm². Thus, the total volume of the 10 spheres remains thesame (i.e. 2 cc) but the surface area of all 10 spheres is 16.5 cm² ascompared to 9.8217 cm² when “n” was one.

When “n” equals 100 the radius “r” can be solved for and found to be0.1684 cm with the volume of each of the 100 spheres being 0.02 cm³. Thesurface area of each sphere is 0.3563 cm² and the combined surface areaof all 100 spheres is 35.63 cm²—the combined volume remains the same at2 cm³. The equations for the surface area and volume can be used tosolve for the radius “r” and diameter “d” of any number of spheres “n”which equal a total volume of 2 cm³ and the results are provided below.TABLE 1 Total volume is 2 cm³ Surface r Surface Area (micro- area VolumeN meters) D (cm²) (cm⁻¹) 1 7815 15,630 9.8217 4.91085 10 3627 7,254 16.58.25 100 1684 3,378 35.63 17.815 1,000 781 1,562 76.766 38.383 10,000362 724 165 82.5 100,000 168 336 356 178 1,000,000 78 156 768 38410,000,000 36 72 1,653 826.5 100,000,000 16.8 33.6 3,563 1781.51,000,000,000 7.8 15.6 7,677 3838.5 10,000,000,000 3.6 7.2 16,539 8269.5100,000,000,000 1.6 3.2 35,631 17815.5

From the above it can be seen that when “n” is increased by a factor of10 and total combined volume is maintained constant at 2.0 and thecombined surface area of all of the spheres increases by approximately afactor of 2 for each increase of 10× for n.

Although the surface area approximately doubles as “n” increases by afactor of ten the absolute effect of the doubling is small when “n” isincreased from 1 to 10 to 100. Specifically, the increase in surfacearea from 9.8 to 16.5 is only an increase of 6.7 cm² and from 16.5 to35.6 is only an increase of 19.1 cm². However, when “n” increases from10⁹ to 10¹⁰ the surface area increases from 7677 to 16,539 resulting inan increase of 8,862 cm². When “n” increases from 10¹⁰ to 10¹¹ thesurface area increases from 16,539 to 35,631 resulting in an increase of18,992 cm².

However, this differential in surface area between groups will be lesswhen the total volume is less. This differential is based on a totalvolume of 2 cm³ which is a large dose. The dose may be 1 cm³, 0.1 cm³,0.01 cm³, 0.001 cm³ or less. With smaller volumes the total surface areadifferential between groups will be less.

For “n” at the extremes of the calculations provided above the grossincrease in surface area is as follows: TABLE 2 N gross increase insurface area (cm²) 1 to 10 6.7 10 to 100 19.1 10⁹ to 10¹⁰ 8,8863 10¹⁰ to10¹¹ 18,992

The larger the available surface area the faster the rate of dissolutionof the solute drug assuming the solvent is not saturated. In nearly allsituations the solute drug will only be administered to the surroundingenvironment of the solvent (e.g. tissue such as bone) in relativelysmall amounts. Accordingly, the solvent never approaches saturation andthe circulatory systems aids in refreshing the solvent over time.

Formulations of the invention are described and claimed here and suchformulations may have two, three or a plurality of different groups ofparticles therein. The formulation suspension may be created where afirst group has a first surface area and a second group has 1,000 squarecentimeters or more surface area than the first group or e.g. 2,000 ormore; 5,000 or more; or 10,000 or more square centimeters of surfacearea per 0.1 cm³ of total volume per group of particles more than thesurface area of the first group. Formulations of suspensions ofparticles may be created whereby a plurality of different groups arepresent and the total surface area of any one group different from thetotal surface area of any other group by a desired amount e.g. 1,000;2,000; 3,000; 4,000; 5,000; and 10,000 or more square centimeters ofsurface area per 0.1 cm³ of total volume per group of particles.

Using data such as generated in Table 1 and the results of Table 2 aformulation of the invention can be created which provides a desiredrelease profile. The desired release profile can be understood byreference to FIG. 7 which is a schematic diagram showing areas where agiven concentration of antibiotic might be obtained over time withdifferent drug delivery mechanisms. The square marked “gentamicincement” shows that levels are maintained over a relatively long periodof time. Due to maintaining these levels over long periods the bacteriamay develop resistance to the antibiotic which is, of course, anundesirable result. Referring to the area 2 labeled as systemicgentamicin it can be seen that the antibiotic does not stay over a longperiod of time in order to develop antibiotic resistance. However, whendelivered systemically the dose is generally subtherapeutic. When veryhigh doses are given systemically the result may be some type of adversetoxic event including loss of hearing.

Within the area 3 marked “gentamicin powder” it can be seem that highlevels are obtained and they are not generally obtained over a longperiod of time avoiding antibiotic resistance. However, the levels areso high that they may be toxic to the surrounding tissue and inparticular inhibit bone growth. This is particularly disadvantageouswhen the patient has suffered bone damage and it is desirable to havethe bone heal as quickly as possible. Thus, the area designated 3 showsthat the antibiotic has reached a toxic level. It can be seen that thearea 4 which is labeled “controlled release gentamicin microspheres”provides the desired release profile. Within this area the concentrationof the antibiotic is therapeutic. However, it is not so high as to betoxic. Further, the therapeutic level is not maintained over asufficiently long period of time so as to develop antibiotic resistance.

It will be understood that the formulation and amount of drug can varydepending on the particular drug and the polymer used. Further, theshape and size of the particles will effect the dissolution time as wellas the particle configuration. More particularly, the particle may becomprised of polymer intermixed with the drug or have the drugencapsulated within a polymer. There will also be some variationdepending on the patient in that patient's with poor circulation providea different environment for the particles as compared to patient's withnormal circulation.

The solvent is the surrounding environment which can be any area wherethe drug is delivered including the blood, body fluids, tissue includingbone. The solvent or surrounding environment into which the drug isadministered can be assumed to be known within a given environment (e.g.bone tissue or blood) in a given species of animal (e.g. human). Thus,the unknown that remains is the rate of dissolution of a particle ofknown size in a given solvent. After calculating the rate of release “R”(weight or volume dissolved per unit of time) for a known particle sizethe rate of dissolution of other particle sizes with different availablesurface areas can be calculated. Assuming all the particles of a groupof particles are spherical and also assuming that the particles in agiven group of particles all have substantially the same size (availablesurface area), the rate of dissolution of a group of particles can bereadily determined. Using this information a formulation can be createdwith different groups or types of particles wherein each group ofparticles has a known drug release profile within the environment theformulation is delivered to. The formulation preferably comprises anumber of different groups which release drug at different rates and/ortimes and provide a desired drug release profile, e.g. substantiallyconstant levels in the surrounding area over a therapeutically effectivetime period.

Calculations are provided below in Tables 3, 4 and 5 respectively fortotal volumes of 1 cm³, 0.5 cm³ and 0.1 cm³ which are volume sizes thatmight be used for typical dosages of orally administeredpharmaceutically active compounds. TABLE 3 Total volume is 1 cm³ Surfaceradius Diameter Surface area number of (micro- (micro- area Volumespheres meters) meters) (cm²) (cm⁻¹) 1 6203.5 12407.0 4.84 4.8 10 2879.45758.8 10.42 10.4 100 1336.5 2673.0 22.45 22.4 1,000 620.4 1240.7 48.3648.4 10,000 287.9 575.9 104.19 104.2 100,000 133.7 267.3 224.47 224.51,000,000 62.0 124.1 483.60 483.6 10,000,000 28.8 57.6 1041.88 1041.9100,000,000 13.4 26.7 2244.66 2244.7 1,000,000,000 6.2 12.4 4835.984836.0 10,000,000,000 2.9 5.8 10418.79 10418.8 100,000,000,000 1.3 2.722446.61 22446.6

TABLE 4 Total volume is 0.5 cm³ Radius diameter Surface Surface numberof (micro- (micro- area area spheres meters) meters) (cm2) Volume 14923.7 9847.5 3.05 6.1 10 2285.4 4570.8 6.56 13.1 100 1060.8 2121.614.14 28.3 1,000 492.4 984.7 30.46 60.9 10,000 228.5 457.1 65.63 131.3100,000 106.1 212.2 141.40 282.8 1,000,000 49.2 98.5 304.65 609.310,000,000 22.9 45.7 656.34 1312.7 100,000,000 10.6 21.2 1414.05 2828.11,000,000,000 4.9 9.8 3046.47 6092.9 10,000,000,000 2.3 4.6 6563.4313126.9 100,000,000,000 1.1 2.1 14140.48 28281.0

TABLE 5 Total volume is 0.1 cm³ radius Diameter Surface Surface numberof (micro- (micro- area area spheres meters) meters) (cm2) Volume 12879.4 5758.8 1.04 10.4 10 1336.5 2673.0 2.24 22.4 100 620.4 1240.7 4.8448.4 1,000 287.9 575.9 10.42 104.2 10,000 133.7 267.3 22.45 224.5100,000 62.0 124.1 48.36 483.6 1,000,000 28.8 57.6 104.19 1041.910,000,000 13.4 26.7 224.47 2244.7 100,000,000 6.2 12.4 483.60 4836.01,000,000,000 2.9 5.8 1041.88 10418.8 10,000,000,000 1.3 2.7 2244.6622446.6 100,000,000,000 0.6 1.2 4835.98 48359.8

Particle Formation Methodology

Particles and coated particles can be produced via any availabletechnology. Referring to FIG. 1, cylindrical tube 1 is shown in fluidconnection with a liquid source 2 which can supply liquid 3 to the tube1. The liquid 3 exits the tube 1 from an exit opening which can be anyconfiguration but is preferably circular and has a diameter D. Theliquid 3 exits the opening 4 and forms a stream which breaks intosegments 5 and eventually forms partial spheres 6 and then spheres 7which are substantially equal in size and shape. The spheres 7 could beused in creating a group of particles for attachment to a device such asa surgical screw. Different size spheres from different sized tubes 1could create different groups of spheres as needed for a desireddissolution profile.

The processing of FIG. 1 can stop at the formation of the particles 7.However, in order to attempt to obtain a dissolution profile whichachieves a longer steady state level of the desired compound a coatingis often used. The coating source 8 creates a spray 9 of a coatingmaterial which is brought into contact with and sticks to particles 10,11 and 12 often in different amounts. Further, two particles 13 maybecome coated together or three or more particles 14 may become coatedtogether.

The result is a random mixture of particles coated to different degreesand combined with different numbers of other particles. Coated particlesof this type could be used if they provide the desired level of drug atthe target site over the desired period of time. The coating materialcan be mixed with rather than sprayed on the particles and a similarrandom mixture of coated particles and coated groups of particles willresult. The random mixture has some advantages. It can provide a greaterrange of release rates than a single type of particle. The greater rangeof release rates may provide a release profile which is desirable.However, a degree of trial and error is required in producing a desiredrelease profile. Further, great care must be taken once the desiredprofile is obtained in repeating all preparation steps precisely frombatch to batch. Otherwise, each new batch of formulation produced willhave a different release profile.

The process for producing particles 7 as shown in FIG. 1 has yet anotherdisadvantage or limitation. Specifically, the diameter D of the tube 1dictates that the diameter of the particles 7 formed will beapproximately D×1.89 (Rayleigh, “On the instability of jets”, Proc.London Math. Soc., 4-13, 1878). Thus, when attempting to make very smallparticles (e.g. less than 20 micrometers) the inside diameter of thetube 1 must be very small. Not only is it difficult to manufacture tubeswith such a small diameter but the narrower tubes tend to clog easily.These problems can be solved by using a different technology forproducing particles and coated particles as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 2 shows a tube 21 supplied by a liquid source 22. The liquid 23flows out of the exit 24. The liquid 23 stream is focused to a narrowedstable jet 25 by a gas 26 provided by the gas source 27 flowing into apressure chamber 28 and out of an exit orifice 29. The jet 25disassociates into segments 30 which form spheres 31 in the same mannerin which the stream of liquid 3 forms the spheres 7 shown in FIG. 1.However, the spheres 31 have a diameter which is 1.89× the diameterD_(j) of the jet and not 1.89× the diameter D of the tube 21. Thediameter of the jet 25 (D_(j)) is substantially smaller than thediameter D of the tube 21. Thus, the system of FIG. 2 can be used tomake very small particles as compared to the system of FIG. 1 withoutclogging the exit 24 of the tube 21 because the diameter D of the tube21 can remain large—and without clogging the exit orifice 29 of thepressure chamber 28 because the jet 25 exits the orifice 29 surroundedby the gas 26.

The particles 31 can be coated using a spray on coating as shown inFIG. 1. However, similar problems occur as described above withreference to FIG. 1. The particles 31 can be used without any coating.Groups of particles can be combined to provide a desired dissolutionprofile. The small size of the particles provides certain advantages asshown in Tables 1-5. Particles in a size range of 1-20 micrometers cannot be easily produced in a system as shown in FIG. 1 and particles inthis size range provide the greatest differences in surface areas—seeTables 1-5 and Table 2 in particular. However, the particles themselves(without a coating) are limited in terms of the dissolution profile theycan produce particularly when the total volume of the particles in aformulation is limited. Thus, a coating is preferred and a preferredmeans of obtaining such is shown in FIG. 3.

The system schematically shown in FIG. 3 includes a tube 41 in fluidconnection with a liquid source 42 which supplies liquid 43 to thecylindrical channel of the tube 41. A tube 44 is concentricallypositioned around the tube 41 and is in fluid connection with a coatingsource 45. The exit opening 46 of the tube 41 and the exit opening 47 ofthe tube 44 are both positioned inside of a pressure chamber 48. Thechamber 48 is in fluid connection with the gas source 49 which flows outof the exit orifice 50 of the chamber 48. The gas 51 focuses the streamsof liquid 43 and coating 52 into a stable jet 53. The jet 53disassociates into segmented streams 54 of liquid 43 concentricallysurrounded by coating 52. The segmented streams 53 form spheres 55. Thespheres 55 are comprised of a liquid 43 center surrounded by a polymeric(e.g. PLGA) coating 52. The spheres 55 are preferably very small, e.g. adiameter of less than 50 μm, preferably less than 20 μm and morepreferably about 10 μm. The smaller the particles the more readilyevaporation will take place which will cure or solidify the coating 52.

An energy source 56 may be used to direct energy 57 onto the particles55 to enhance the rate of curing, hardening, evaporation, etc. Theenergy 57 may be any type of energy including heat, forced air, I.R. orU.V. light etc. alone or in combination. Some polymer materials aredesigned to be cured using a particular frequency of light. The lightcan be directed, focused and/or intensified using lenses, mirrors andthe like to obtain a desired result. The particles 55 could be producedand dispersed in a biocompatible gel and applied to bone and/or anorthopedic implant.

The coated particles 55 can include any liquid 43 coated with anycoating material 52. However, in accordance with the present inventionit is preferable that the liquid 43 be comprised of a pharmaceuticallyactive drug which is preferably an antimicrobial and more preferably anantibiotic. Further, the coating material can be comprised of any typeof material which can be cured, dried or fixed in any fashion in orderto form an outer spherical coating around the center. However, it ispreferable that the coating material be comprised of a polymer materialand more preferable if the polymer material is quickly and readilycurable and is a material which is commonly accepted as useful as acarried material in controlled release formulations used inpharmaceutical applications. A number of such polymer materials aredisclosed within the patents and publications described below.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919 describes creating slow release formulationsproducing a steady release of drug in the bloodstream by employingpolylactide-drug mixtures in the dosage form. The inventors describeusing a chemical based microencapsulation procedure for formingprecipitates of the polylactide-drug mixtures suitable for injection.They discuss many potential applications for their invention includingthe administration of morphine.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,942,035 describes using PLGA polymer as an excipientallowing formulations to be created to facilitate the controlled releaseof polypeptide active drugs into solutions.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,380 describes modifying the cross-linking in PLGApolymer in order to obtain more controllable release profiles.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,158 describes potential benefits of using PLGApolymer with pharmaceutically active drug to create particles in a verysmall size range to minimize incorporation of the injected formulationinto the patient's macrophages which would result in inactivation of thedrug.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,173 describes an emulsion system for creatingparticles of PGLA and active drug suitable for injection.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,008 describes a technique for combining PLGA andactive drug into microparticles suitable for injection by using anemulsion system created using a static mixer.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,583 describes using a quaternary ammonium surfactantas an excipient to facilitate the creation of PLGA drug combinationssuitable for injection to create a controlled release formulation.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,015 describes using metal cations as releasemodulators in the injectable drug formulation comprising PLGA and activedrug.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,598 describes using emulsion systems and solventextraction techniques as tools for creating microparticles comprised ofPLGA and active drug for sustained release formulations.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,254,890 describes using PLGA to create sustained releaseformulations containing nucleic acids.

Previous approaches for combining PLGA with active drug to create suchcontrolled release formulations relied on chemical techniques forcreating microparticles suitable for injection. These techniques havefocused on the use of solvent systems to produce emulsions resulting inthe creation of a precipitate of crystalline microparticle in anapproximate size range suitable for injection. Other systems involveremoving solvents used during the fabrication process. The US FDA aswell as international drug regulatory authorities have draftedregulations strictly limiting the amount of residual solvent acceptablein marketed pharmaceutical preparations (ICH Harmonized TripartiteGuideline Q3C Impurities: “Guidelines for Residual Solvents”).

Additional discussion of categories of systems for controlled releasemay be found in Agis F. Kydonieus, Controlled Release Technologies:Methods, Theory and Applications, 1980 (CRC Press, Inc.).

Controlled release drug delivery systems may also be categorized undertheir basic technology areas, including, but not limited to,rate-preprogrammed drug delivery systems, activation-modulated drugdelivery systems, feedback-regulated drug delivery systems, andsite-targeting drug delivery systems.

In rate-preprogrammed drug delivery systems, release of drug moleculesfrom the delivery systems is “preprogrammed” at specific rate profiles.This may be accomplished by system design, which controls the moleculardiffusion of drug molecules in and/or across the barrier medium withinor surrounding the delivery system. Fick's laws of diffusion are oftenfollowed.

In activation-modulated drug delivery systems, release of drug moleculesfrom the delivery systems is activated by some physical, chemical orbiochemical processes and/or facilitated by the energy suppliedexternally. The rate of drug release is then controlled by regulatingthe process applied, or energy input.

In feedback-regulated drug delivery systems, release of drug moleculesfrom the delivery systems may be activated by a triggering event, suchas a biochemical substance, in the body. The rate of drug release isthen controlled by the concentration of triggering agent detected by asensor in the feedback regulated mechanism.

In a site-targeting controlled-release drug delivery system, the drugdelivery system targets the active molecule to a specific site or targettissue or cell. This may be accomplished, for example, by a conjugateincluding a site specific targeting moiety that leads the drug deliverysystem to the vicinity of a target tissue (or cell), a solubilizer thatenables the drug delivery system to be transported to and preferentiallytaken up by a target tissue, and a drug moiety that is covalently bondedto the polymer backbone through a spacer and contains a cleavable groupthat can be cleaved only by a specific enzyme at the target tissue.

Another controlled release dosage form is a complex between an ionexchange resin and the lipoates. Ion exchange resin-drug complexes havebeen used to formulate sustained-release products of acidic and basicdrugs. In one preferable embodiment, a polymeric film coating isprovided to the ion exchange resin-drug complex particles, making drugrelease from these particles diffusion controlled. See Y. Raghunathan etal., Sustained-released drug delivery system I: Coded ion-exchange resinsystems for phenylpropanolamine and other drugs, J. Pharm. Sciences 70:379-384 (1981).

Injectable micro spheres are another controlled release dosage form.Injectable micro spheres may be prepared by non-aqueous phase separationtechniques, and spray-drying techniques. Micro spheres may be preparedusing polylactic acid or copoly(lactic/glycolic acid). Shigeyuki Takada,Utilization of an Amorphous Form of a Water-Soluble GPIIb/IIIaAntagonist for Controlled Release From Biodegradable Micro spheres,Pharm. Res. 14:1146-1150 (1997), and ethyl cellulose, Yoshiyuki Koida,Studies on Dissolution Mechanism of Drugs from Ethyl CelluloseMicrocapsules, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 35:1538-1545 (1987).

To form a coated particle 55 the liquid 43 is forced through the channelof the tube 41. The liquid is preferably a relatively high concentrationof a drug such as an antibiotic in either an aqueous or alcohol basedsolvent or other solvent which will quickly evaporate (e.g. ether). Theexit opening 46 of the tube 41 and the exit opening 47 of the tube 44are both positioned inside the pressure chamber 48. The coating material52 is initially in a liquid form and is forced through the exit opening46 of the tube 44 which is positioned concentrically around the tube 41in a manner which causes a stream of the liquid coating material to beexpelled from the opening 47 at substantially the same velocity as theliquid 43 is forced from the opening 46 of the tube 41. Accordingly, thestream of the coating material is concentrically positioned around thestream of the center liquid 43. The streams exit the openings of the twoconcentrically positioned tubes as a single combined stream which thendisassociates into segments streams 53 which segments form the cooledspheres 55.

In order for the spheres to be made small it is effective to use the gasfrom the gas source 49 forced into the pressure chamber 48 in a mannerwhich causes the gas to exit the pressure chamber 48 downstream of theconcentrically positioned streams exiting the tubes 41 and 44. It ispreferable for the density of the liquid 43 to be substantially the sameas the liquid of the coating 52. This allows the gas from the gas source49 to focus the concentrically positioned streams into a stable unifiedjet which flows out of the chamber 48 breaking up into segments andthereafter forming the spherical coated particles 55 of the coatingmaterial surrounding the center of pharmaceutically active drug.

In accordance with the invention the gas from the gas source forms thestable jet and the diameter of the jet is substantially smaller thanwould be the case if the gas were not focusing the streams exiting thetubes 41 and 44. The diameter of the jet is defined by the followingformula:$d_{j} \cong {\left( \frac{8\rho_{1}}{\pi^{2}\Delta\quad P_{g}} \right)^{1/4}Q^{1/2}}$

wherein d_(j) is the diameter of the stable unified jet, ≅ indicatesapproximately equally to where an acceptable margin of error is ±10%, ρ₁is the average density of the liquid of the jet and ΔP_(g) is change ingas pressure of gas surrounding the stream at a given point A at theexit and Q is the total flow rate of the stable unified jet.

By using the technology described above and shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 it ispossible to form very small and very uniform particles. The particlesmay be of any size but are preferably in less than 100 micrometers indiameter, more preferably less than 50 micrometers in diameter and stillmore preferably less than 20 micrometers in diameter. The technologydescribed above and shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 is capable of producingparticles which are as small as approximately 1 micrometer in diameterand preferred devices of the invention will include particles which havea diameter of approximately 10 micrometers. The sphere formingtechnology can produce particles which are substantially identical inshape (spherical) and substantially identical in size ±10% variation inthe particle diameter, more preferably ±3% and still more preferably ±1%variation in particle diameter where the particle may have a diameter assmall as 1 μm or more or as large as 100 μm or more.

Those skilled in the art will understand that in addition to the tubes41 and 44 a plurality of additional concentrically positioned tubes maybe added to the system. This would make it possible to add additionalcoating materials or include additional active components surrounded byouter shells of coating material. An out coating of adhesive could beadded so that the particles 55 have an adhesive thereon and adhere to anorthopedic implant and/or to bone. Those skilled in the art willunderstand that the system works best when the Weber Number is in arange of from about 1 to about 40 wherein the Weber Number is defined bythe following equation: ${We} = \frac{\rho_{g}V_{g}^{2}d}{\gamma}$

wherein the ρ_(g) is the density of the gas, d is the diameter of thestable microjet, γ is the liquid-gas surface tension and V_(g) ² is thevelocity of the gas squared. More preferably the Weber number is in arange of about 5 to about 25.

Further, those skilled in the art will understand that it is preferablefor the Ohnesorge number to be less than 1, wherein the Ohnesorge number(Oh) is defined by${Oh} = \frac{\mu_{1}}{\left( {\rho_{1}\gamma\quad d} \right)^{1/2}}$

wherein μ₁ is the velocity of the liquid, ρ₁ is the density of theliquid and d is the diameter of the stable capillary microjet.

Those skilled in the art will also understand that the method forproducing particles and coated particles as described above is bestcarried out when the difference in the pressure between the pressurechamber exit orifice is equal to or less than 20 times the surfacetension of the liquid comprising the coating material with the gas,divided by the radius of the stable unified jet. Details relating to thetechnology are described within issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,234,402 issuedMay 22, 2001 and incorporated herein by reference. Those skilled in theart will understand that some adjustments may be made in the density andvelocity of the different fluids and gases used in order to obtain thedesired result in terms of the fluid—fluid interfaces including theparticle interface between the coating material and the inner liquidmaterial as well as the stable interface between the gas and the coatingmaterial. It is desirable to obtain the stable microjet stream which hassubstantially no aberrations or pertubations in the stream making itpossible for the stream to disassociate into very uniform size andshaped particles. The two related systems shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 make itpossible to maintain a stable liquid-gas interface between the outersurface of the liquid or coating material and the gas thereby forming astable jet which is focused on the exit orifice of the pressure chamberresulting in particles which have very small deviation in terms ofdiameter from one particle to the next. It is also possible to createhollow particles and to reverse the positioning of the different fluids.For examples, the center tube can be used to supply gas whereas thepressure chamber can be used to supply a liquid. The technology for suchis described within issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,196,525 issued Mar. 6, 2001which patent along with other patents cited herein is incorporated inits entirety.

Dissolution Profiles

When any particle dissolves in any solvent the amount of solute in thesolution increases over time. However, some solvents are present insystems where the portion of the dissolving solute is being removed fromthe solution. This could take place in a chemical reaction where aportion of the dissolved solute reacts with another components presentin the system. However, the most typical situation is where a drugpresent in an area and diffuses away from that area which subtractssolute drug from the surrounding area. In any such system thedissolution profile over time shows an increase followed by a steadystate followed by a decrease as is shown by the solid line in FIG. 4. Itis desirable to maintain the level of a drug above the therapeutic levelshown by the line of short dashes but below a toxic level shown by theline of long dashes or level where addition drug provides no additionalbenefit. Maintaining the level of drug in a desired range for asignificant period is difficult to obtain particularly when using asingle type of particle.

FIG. 5 shows how the therapeutic level can be maintained over a longerperiod of time using two different types of particles. In FIG. 5 theindependent effect of a first type of particle is shown by the solidline. The dashed curve shows the independent effect of a second type ofcoated particle. The dotted curve shows the combined effect of the twotypes of particles. When the particle of the first type are completelydissolved and are being metabolized out of the system the coatings onthe particle of the second type have dissolved and the rate ofdissolution matches the rate at which all drug in the system is beingdiffused out of the desired area. Thus, a longer steady state period ismaintained. This effect is further enhanced using three different typesof particles as shown in FIG. 6.

Controlled release within the scope of this invention can be taken tomean any one of a number of extended release dosage forms. The followingterms may be considered to be substantially equivalent to controlledrelease, for the purposes of the present invention: continuous release,controlled release, delayed release, depot, gradual release, long-termrelease, programmed release, prolonged release, proportionate release,protracted release, repository, retard, slow release, spaced release,sustained release, time coat, timed release, delayed action, extendedaction, layered-time action, long acting, prolonged action, repeatedaction, slowing acting, sustained action, sustained-action medications,and extended release. Further discussions of these terms may be found inLesczek Krowczynski, Extended-Release Dosage Forms, 1987 (CRC Press,Inc.).

There are corporations with specific expertise in drug deliverytechnologies including controlled release oral formulations such as Alzacorporation and Elan. A search of patents, published patent applicationsand related publications will provide those skilled in the art readingthis disclosure with significant possible controlled releasetechnologies. Examples include the technologies disclosed in any of theU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,637,320 issued Jun. 10, 1997; 5,505,962 issued Apr. 9,1996; 5,641,745 issued Jun. 24, 1997; and 5,641,515 issued Jun. 24,1997. Although specific technologies are disclosed here and in thesepatents the invention is more general than any specific technology. Thisincludes the discovery that by placing pharmaceutically active drug in aplurality of controlled release particle groups which maintaintherapeutic levels (but not toxic levels) over periods of time which arelonger as compared to quick release formulations, but shorter comparedto bone cement, improved unexpected results are obtained.

Particles Formed Using Supercritical Fluid Precipitation

The devices, systems and methodology disclosed and described above inconnection with FIGS. 2 and 3 can also be used in combination withsupercritical fluid precipitation technology of the type describedwithin U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,910 issued May 16, 2000; U.S. Pat. No.5,766,637 issued Jun. 16, 1998; U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,394 issued May 8,2001; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,095,134 issued Aug. 1, 2000 all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Basically, thetechnology utilizes a supercritical fluid such as liquid CO₂ in order toform solid particles of a material such as a drug or a protein for usein a formulation.

Referring to FIG. 2 the gas source 27 could be replaced with a liquidCO₂ and the liquid CO₂ could become the focusing fluid. The liquid 23supplied into the tube 21 could be any liquid comprised of any desiredmaterial. However, the liquid 23 would preferably be a liquid whichincluded an active compound such as a drug which is dissolved within asolvent such as water and further combined with a solvent such asethanol. The solvent liquid 23 is focused by the surrounding liquid 26which may be CO₂. When the CO₂ exits the pressure chamber 28 via theorifice opening 29 the rapid evaporation draws the liquid water andethanol away leaving dry particles 31.

Referring to FIG. 3 it would also be possible to use supercriticalfluids in place of the coating 52 or in place of the gas 51. Thoseskilled in the art will recognize that a variety of differentcombinations of liquids, gases, solutions and supercritical fluids arepossible using the systems as shown and described above with respect toFIGS. 2 and 3 particularly when taken in combination with theabove-referenced patents which disclose basic technology used in thefield of supercritical fluid precipitation.

Heterogenous Particle Formulations

A packet of formulation can be a disposable container of spheres with agroup or plurality of groups of spheres in each packet. The packet maybe a syringe which includes the particles in a liquid or a gel such asFlorseal™. Alternatively, the packet may be a sealed container such as afoil packet holding an absorbable collagen sponge having the particlesdispersed evenly therein. A first group of spherical particles ispresent wherein each particle of the first group has a same diameter asother particles in the group with a margin of error in terms of particlediameter size of approximately ±10% or less. The formulation may theninclude a second group of spherical particles wherein each particle ofthe second group has the same diameter as the other particles in thesecond group with a margin of error of about ±10% or less. The particleswithin the first group are different from the particles within thesecond group (e.g. see Table 1) and preferably have a difference interms of the steady state levels which difference is sufficient toprovide a longer steady state level of antimicrobial to the surroundingarea than either of the groups by themselves. Preferably, the firstgroup of particles and the second group of particles each comprise 100or more particles, more preferably a 1,000 of more particles, and stillmore preferably 10,000 or more particles and may comprise 10⁵ to 10¹⁰ ormore particles.

Although the heterogeneous groups of particles in a formulation can beproduced using particle formation technology of various types thetechnology as described above with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3 arepreferred in that they produce very uniform sized and shaped particles.Further, the particles may be solid spheres which may be produced usingthe technology as shown in FIG. 2. A formulation or device of theinvention may include groups of particles wherein the particles arecoated using the technology as shown within FIG. 3. A formulation mayinclude 3 or more groups of spherical particles wherein the particleswithin each group are the same relative to other particles in that groupand are different between the groups. A formulation may comprise atleast some particles which are not coated e.g. a first group ofparticles with no coating and a relatively small particle size. Thus,the first group of particles will provide for substantially immediatedissolution and release of all of the compound or drug which is presentin the particles. This causes the drug to quickly reach a therapeuticlevel in the desired surrounding area. The remaining groups of particlesare larger and include polymers and remain undissolved. When a knownamount of time has passed diffusion will have removed from thesurrounding area (e.g. the bone) a sufficient amount of the drug addedby the first group such that the concentration of the drug in thesurrounding area is beginning to decline. With this decline the secondgroup of particles increase their dissolution to add drug to thesurrounding area thereby gradually increasing the concentration via thesecond group of particles at a rate substantially corresponding to therate at which drug from the first group of particles is being decreasedand diffused out of the area. This is shown within the graph of FIG. 5.The process can be repeated several times with several different groupsof particles and three different groups of particles are shown withinthe graph of FIG. 6. The groups may be included in a packet offormulation which may be a disposable, one use, syringe with a gel andthe syringe, gel, and particles may be included in a kit. The kit mayinclude another drug which compliments the drug in the particles.

In one embodiment of the invention an antimicrobial is dissolved in asolvent which may be water, ethanol or a combination of water andethanol. The solution is saturated with drug and the saturated solutionis then coated with a polymer material which can be quickly cured by theaddition of energy or evaporation as shown within FIG. 3. Thus, a groupof particles is formed wherein the particles are comprised of a liquidcenter which liquid is comprised of a saturated solution of drug andsolvent in an outer core of polymer material which is substantiallyinert i.e. does not provide a pharmacological effect. Such particles areproduced in a variety of different size ranges. Each size is used toproduce a group of particles which, by itself, is sufficient to providefor therapeutic levels of a drug to a given area such as an areasurrounding the implant. When the coating dissolves the liquid withinthe spheres, which is a liquid drug (e.g. a drug in an aqueous solution)is immediately released. When the drug has diffused away to the point ofbeginning to drop below therapeutic levels the next group of particleswith a thicker coating have dissolved to the point where the drug withinthese particles is released raising the level of drug in the surroundingarea. By including a plurality of different groups it is possible tomaintain the therapeutic level of the drug over a long period of timee.g. 1 day, several days (2 to 6 days) or 72 hours ±12 hours. Careshould be taken to avoid developing resistant bacteria.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that variability in terms of therate at which the polymer material dissolves can be changed by changingthe composition of the polymer material as some materials will dissolvemore quickly than others. Accordingly, the different groups of particleswithin the formulation may be particles which are all of the same size,but have different polymer materials. In one embodiment the compositionof coating on one group of particles dissolves more rapidly than thecoating composition on another group within the formulation.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinaryskill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how tomake and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit thescope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are theyintended to represent that the experiments below are all or the onlyexperiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy withrespect to numbers used (e.g. amounts, temperature, etc.) but someexperimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unlessindicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight isweight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Centigrade,and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

Example 1

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the technology describedhere can be provided to a number of different types of drugs and toheterogenous formulations of all different numbers of particle groups.However, here a specific example is described wherein the active drug isfirst included within particles which have no coating and thereafter areincluded within two additional groups of particles wherein the percentthickness of the spheres is varied. Sphere Diameter Capsule Thickness 5microns 10 microns 20 microns 0 S/V = 2.4 S/V = 1.2 S/V = 0.6 10% S/V =4.7 S/V = 2.3 S/V = 1.2 30% S/V = 38  S/V = 19  S/V = 9.4

The surface area to volume ratio numbers in Table 6 must be taken in thecontext of the capsule thickness. Microspheres with a capsule thicknessof zero are composed entirely of active drug; there is by definition noinactive ingredient forming a capsule layer. Therefore, even though a 10μm microsphere with zero capsule thickness has the same surface area tovolume ratio (1.2) as a 20 μm microsphere with a 10% capsule thickness,release of active drug from the 20 μm sphere will occur only after theouter layer has dissolved whereas active drug from the 10 μm sphere inthis example will begin to be released as soon as microspheredissolution begins.

In addition, in the context of this invention, high surface area tovolume values do not necessarily mean faster release of active drug intothe area surrounding the implant. This is because, for the case ofnon-zero capsule thickness microspheres, the outer material is aninactive ingredient.

By having a formulation in which a distinct capsule thickness is presentin microspheres of a distinct size, a true programmable controlledrelease profile can be engineered by selecting (a) the capsule thicknessand microsphere size and (b) by selecting in which proportions differentpopulations of microspheres selected in (a) are combined and bound tothe implant (e.g. screw) or other device.

For example, a slow release antibiotic formulation bound to indentationson a screw could consist of ⅓ zero capsule thickness 5 μm microspheresfor rapid release, ⅓ 10% capsule thickness 10 μm spheres forintermediate release and ⅓ 10% capsule thickness 20 μm microspheres forlong term release as part of a single formulation. Because the capsuleof inactive material must be largely dissolved before active drugrelease, this approach has the distinct advantage of minimizing theoverlap of delivery by the various formulation components. This allowsthe aggregate PK profile of the formulation to be formed bysuperposition of the release profiles of the components of theformulation.

The preceding merely illustrates the principles of the invention. Itwill be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devisevarious arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shownherein, embody the principles of the invention and are included withinits spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional languagerecited herein are principally intended to aid the reader inunderstanding the principles of the invention and the conceptscontributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to beconstrued as being without limitation to such specifically recitedexamples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein recitingprinciples, aspects, and embodiments of the invention as well asspecific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural andfunctional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that suchequivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalentsdeveloped in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform thesame function, regardless of structure. The scope of the presentinvention, therefore, is not intended to be limited to the exemplaryembodiments shown and described herein. Rather, the scope and spirit ofpresent invention is embodied by the appended claims.

1. A formulation, comprising: a plurality of antimicrobial particlescomprised of an antimicrobial drug and a biocompatible polymer; and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier having the antimicrobial particlesdispersed therein.
 2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein thepharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a biocompatible gel and theformulation is implanted in a patient providing 35 mcg/ml ±25 mcg/ml ofdrug to a target area for a period of one day to seven days.
 3. Theformulation of claim 2, further comprising: a solution comprising waterand thrombin.
 4. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the antimicrobialparticles comprise: a first group of spherical particles comprising 100or more particles wherein each particle of the first group has the samediameter as other particles in the first group with a margin of error of±10% or less; a second group of spherical particles comprising 100 ormore particles wherein each particle of the second group has the samediameter as other particles in the second group with a margin of errorof ±10% or less; wherein particles of the first group dissolve at a ratewhich is faster than a rate at which the particles of the second groupdissolve and the formulation provides from 5 mcg/ml to 100 mcg/ml ofantimicrobial drug to a target area.
 5. The formulation of claim 4,wherein the formulation is implanted with orthopedic hardware and thedrug is at substantially undetectable levels at greater than 5 cm fromthe hardware.
 6. The formulation of claim 4, wherein the antimicrobialparticles further comprise: a third group of spherical particlescomprising 100 or more particles wherein each particle of the thirdgroup has the same diameter as other particles in the third group with amargin of error of ±10% or less; wherein particles of the third groupdissolve at a rate different from a rate at which the particles of thefirst and second groups dissolve.
 7. The formulation of claim 3, whereinthe biocompatible polymer is polylactic glycolic acid (PLGA), theantimicrobial is an amino glycoside, and the particles are dispersed ina gel.
 8. The formulation of claim 4, wherein the antimicrobialparticles further comprise: a plurality of additional groups ofspherical particles comprising 100 or more particles wherein theparticles of each additional group has the same diameter as otherparticles in that group with a margin of error of ±20% or less; whereinparticles of each additional group dissolve at a rate different from arate at which the particles of other groups dissolve.
 9. The formulationof claim 6, wherein the second group of particles have 1,000 squarecentimeters or more of surface area per 0.1 cm³ of total particle volumeper group of particles more than the first group of particles; andwherein the third group of particles have 2,000 square centimeters ormore of surface area per 0.1 cm³ of total particle volume per group ofparticles more than the second group of particles.
 10. The formulationof claim 6, wherein the second group of particles have 5,000 squarecentimeters or more of surface area per 0.1 cm³ of total particle volumeper group of particles more than the first group of particles; andwherein the third group of particles have 10,000 square centimeters ormore of surface area per 0.1 cm³ of total particle volume per group ofparticles more than the second group of particles.
 11. The formulationof claim 8, wherein the particles of each group dissolve at a rate perunit of time which is different from a rate of dissolution of any otherof the groups of particles by an amount of about 25% or more.
 12. Theformulation of claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial drug is gentamicin andthe particles are in an aqueous solution comprising thrombin and thesolution and the carrier is a biocompatible gel.
 13. The formulation ofclaim 8, wherein the spherical particles in each group have a diameterin a range of from about 40 micrometers to about 2 micrometers.
 14. Theformulation of claim 8, wherein the spherical particles in each grouphave a diameter in a range of from about 30 micrometers to about 4micrometers.
 15. The formulation of claim 6, wherein the second group ofparticles have 1,000 square centimeters or more of surface area per 0.1cm³ of total particle volume per group of particles more than the firstgroup of particles; and wherein a third group of particles have 2,000square centimeters or more of surface area per 0.1 cm³ of total particlevolume per group of particles more than the second group of particles.16. The formulation of claim 6, wherein the second group of particleshave 5,000 square centimeters or more of surface area per 0.1 cm³ oftotal particle volume per group of particles more than the first groupof particles; and wherein a third group of particles have 10,000 squarecentimeters or more of surface area per 0.1 cm³ of total particle volumeper group of particles more than the second group of particles.
 17. Asurgical wound comprising an orthopedic implant and a formulation,comprising: a biocompatible gel; particles comprised of a biocompatiblepolymer and an antimicrobial drug wherein a target area around theorthopedic implant is provided with antimicrobial drug at a therapeuticlevel.
 18. The surgical wound of claim 17, wherein the target areaextends to 5 cm from the orthopedic implant and the therapeutic level is30 mcg/ml ±25 mcg/ml.
 19. The surgical wound of claim 17, wherein theformulation in the wound further comprises a thrombin solution.
 20. Amethod of treatment, comprising: implanting an orthopedic implant into asurgical wound site; administering to the wound site a formulationcomprised of a plurality of particles which particles are comprised ofan antimicrobial drug and a biocompatible polymer; and allowing drugfrom the formulation to dissolve into the wound site over a period oftime not less than one day and not more than seven days and provide atherapeutically effective dose of the drug over the period of time. 21.The method of treatment of claim 20, wherein the therapeuticallyeffective dose is in a range of 30 micrograms per milliliter ±25micrograms per milliliter and the period of time is 72 hours ±12 hours.